Times

boon, show also that they Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 23:15:19 +0000
Represents home and foreign producers and American European manufacturers of agricultural machinery and implements. The highest references at Home and Abroa Sole representative of the celebrated Japanese Paper Ware which will not leak, break,, shrink, or fall to pieces. boon, show also that they apreciate it by displaying of national (red, white green) banners with the name of the favorite candi- date; The Sundays are used for processions in honor to the candidate, he holds his programme speeches, is conducted to his house by his adherents who deafen each other with cries of : filjen.

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It is strange, considering its Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 23:02:22 +0000
(cheer.) The franchise is considered by too many as yet as a plaything a toy and without considerable noise they consider it has no value, with the greatest respect I am yours obedient servant The material for a comprehensive study of the American public domain is so vast and scattered that any contribution, however restricted and detailed, will be welcomed by scholars as a step toward a more thorough understanding of this important influ- ence in American life. It is strange, considering its importance, that the public domain has received so little attention from students.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The author purposes to show Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 22:47:49 +0000
Fortunately, however, there are indications that inves- tigators in history, political science, and economics are entering this fruitful field in increasing numbers. Mr Orfields study deals with an important phase of the sub- ject the history of land grants to states for all purposes, includ- ing, among others, support of elementary and secondary educa- tion, support of the ministry, development of industries, military defense, internal improvements, and public buildings. The author purposes to show how there came to be a federal land grant policy, how that policy developed into its present form, and how the states have administered their heritage.

Autor of the post: Undefined

In the second part Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 22:37:02 +0000
The work, then, naturally divides into three parts. The first part deals briefly with the colonial precedents. In the second part the general sub- ject of land grants to the states and territories is discusse In the last division Minnesota is chosen as a typical state for a more detailed study of the administration of the public lands.

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With so complicated a subject Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 22:18:03 +0000
Under each general division the different kinds of land grants are treated separately. While such a topical division may be convenient, it is unfortunate that the material is not woven into a closer texture. With so complicated a subject such a task is exceedingly difficult, but nevertheless possible, of attainment.

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What Mr Orfield has written Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 22:05:15 +0000
Most of the material on which the study is based has been found in the libraries of the University of Minnesota and the Minnesota Historical Society, in the Minnesota State Library, and in the office of the state auditor. It consists almost entirely of public documents, comprising colonial records, the Con- gressional Debates and Globe, Senate and House Documents, journals of legislatures, reports of committees, governors mes- sages, state and federal statutes, decisions of the courts, and the like. What Mr Orfield has written, therefore, is a legislative and constitutional history of land grants to the states.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Votes in Congress are often Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 21:49:44 +0000
It is to be regretted, however, that he did not explore the extensive news- paper material and make more use of the correspondence of pub- lic men. A better background for the laws and the debates in Congress and in the legislatures would thus have been secure It is impossible to understand what happened in Congress during the important years 1852 and 1854, for example, unless we have in mind the conflicting interests of those who favored land grants to railways, canals, and institutions, military bounties, homestead legislation, graduation of the prices of public lands, distribution of the proceeds of the sales of public lands, and the relinquish- ment of the lands to the states in which they were situate What, for instance, was the attitude of those who favored land grants to soldiers and railways towards the homestead proposi- tion? The disturbing element of slavery, especially the Kansas- Nebraska bill, also profoundly affected the public land question. Votes in Congress are often misleading because of log-rolling, and land bills offered splendid opportunities for this practice.

Autor of the post: Undefined

Notwithstanding this defect, every chapter Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 21:30:26 +0000
A study of the newspapers and the correspondence of public men would enable the student to get behind the scenes and check up the votes of representatives and senators. To quote Professor Frederick Turner : We cannot understand the land question without seeing its relations to the struggle of sections and classes bidding against each other and finding in the public domain a most important topic of political bargaining. Notwithstanding this defect, every chapter reveals the pains- taking work of the author.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The West has always been Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 21:14:07 +0000
At the cost of great effort he has searched out new information amply fortified by footnote refer- ences, and has compiled valuable tables. He has not only studied the grants for all the various purposes, but he has also pursued his investigation into the states and has thrown much light on the constitutional and legal aspects of the question. The West has always been dissatisfied with the land policy of the federal government, believing this policy to be dictated by men who had little interest in that section of the country or else were unable to understand its needs.

Autor of the post: Undefined

The results were equally disastrous Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 20:58:13 +0000
The cause of public education in the United States has suffered because of the un- satisfactory adjustment of federal and state authority in the matter of lands reserved for schools. Up to 1845, according to Mr Orfield, the school lands were generally granted to the state for the use of the inhabitants of each township for the use of schools But in the case of Indiana and Alabama the grant was directly to the inhabitants of the various townships. The results were equally disastrous, for in either case it meant local control over the proceeds of the lands .

Autor of the post: Undefined

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