Times

48, 49) Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 20:46:24 +0000
The legislatures of the new states have not always been discreet and far-sighted in the management of the school lands. The spectacle of state after state throwing away the heritage of its common schools by cen- tury-long leases, premature sales at inadequate prices, or invest- ment of the proceeds in doubtful securities served more and more to impress upon Congress the importance of taking some action to safeguard the inheritance of the schools (pp. 48, 49).

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The state constitution, fortunately, imposed Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 20:30:37 +0000
It is apparent to Mr Orfield that progress has been made in the direc- tion of greater national control over school lands, although Con- gress has done little or nothing to assert its authority when states have diverted the proceeds of their lands from the purpose specifie In the section devoted to the discussion of the administration of public lands in Minnesota the reader will find much to praise and much to censure in the conduct of the state government and its officials. Minnesota came into the Union at a time when her citizens could profit by the unfortunate experiences of her sister states. The state constitution, fortunately, imposed a healthy check upon the sale of the school lands and the first governor, Alexander Ramsey, was impressed with the importance of a care- ful stewardship of lands belonging to the state.

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For this reason most Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 20:17:53 +0000
Later in her history, however, the state suffered much loss through the incom- petency and corruption of those in charge of the administration of her lands. She possessed forests of fabulous value, but it is only within the last decade and a half that the state and national governments have come to think seriously of practical forestry. For this reason most of the state timber has been sol Mr Orfield relates how this wonderful resource has fallen into the hands of individuals, many of whom obtained titles to large tracts by unfair or unscrupulous methods.

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Mr Orfield has produced Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 19:59:37 +0000
The resultant losses to the state and the measures employed to remedy them are described in considerable detail. There are also chapters devoted to a dis- cussion of the mineral lands, which have brought so much wealth to the state. Mr Orfield has produced, on the whole, a valuable treatise.

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98-100) Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 19:42:05 +0000
Some errors, however, have crept into the text. In his account of the land legislation in Congress in the thirties and forties he makes the statement that at the time of Clays famous report in 1832 there were two questions before the committee, the reduc- tion in the price of the public lands and the distribution of the lands to the new states (pp. 98-100).

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The bibliography appended leaves much Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 19:24:00 +0000
The fact is that there were at least three distinct propositions : preemption, graduation, and the distribution of the proceeds of the sales of the public lands among the states. Further, in discussing the distribution- preemption law of 1841 (p 100), he says merely that the Senate signified its approval of the House bill, whereas two important amendments were added, which became exceedingly important at the next session. The bibliography appended leaves much to be desire It is very full for the colonial period, which occupies relatively and properly little space in the text, but for the remainder of the book it is rather disappointing.

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The Life, Jour- nals Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 19:13:31 +0000
This is particularly true of the second- ary material. Why such titles as Treats National Land System, Bentons Thirty Years View, Calhouns and Clays Works, Bal- laghs papers in the Reports of the American Historical Associa- tion for 1897 and 1899, George Julians writings and speeches, to mention only a few, are omitted is not clear. The Life, Jour- nals, and Correspondence of Manasseh Cutler is not listed, although referred to in the footnotes.

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The economic contributions of immigrants Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 18:55:24 +0000
As a part of a very considerable output of books in the Nor- wegian language by the Augsburg Publishing House of Minne- apolis, there are four recent publications dealing with the history of the Norwegian Lutheran Church in the United States. These books constitute a positive contribution to the history of the Norwegian element in the United States, for the church has exercised a deep influence upon the life of the Scandinavians in this country, and its history is intimately related to the history of this immigrant force. The economic contributions of immigrants to the United States are not difficult to estimate.

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The first of these volumes Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 18:39:28 +0000
On the other hand, the social results of their settlement and amalgamation with American life are more undefmable. But fundamental to an understanding of the contribution of the Scandinavians to Amer- ican character and institutions is a true interpretation of the spir- itual forces at work among them. The first of these volumes contains brief biographies of 1,826 Norwegian Lutheran pastors and theological professors who have been active in the United States during the seven decades from 1843 to 1913.

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One of the most valuable Post Date: Thu, 7 Aug 2008 18:19:50 +0000
As an introduction to the biographical section there is a carefully prepared history of Norwegian immigration from 1825 to 1913, and of the organization and progress of the work of the Lutheran Church among the Norwegian immigrants. A brief survey of the fourteen synods which have been organized during this period is include A number of charts greatly increase the value of these sections. One of the most valuable features of the book is the summary of the literary activity of the pastors and professors whose biographies are include There is added a list of newspapers and periodicals published by Nor- wegian-Americans, with dates of publication and names of editors.

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